1. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to make a meaningful sentence.
P: whose intellectual prowess was matched only by his humility
Q: was a polymath of staggering proportions
R: Leonardo da Vinci, a quintessential Renaissance man,
S: and whose curiosity knew no bounds
- D. PRSQ
- A. RSPQ
- C. RQPS
- B. QPSR
Answer: The sentence begins with the main subject, 'Leonardo da Vinci' (R). The relative clause 'whose intellectual prowess...' (S) further describes him, followed by another parallel relative clause 'and whose curiosity...' (P). The main verb phrase 'was a polymath...' (Q) concludes the sentence, providing a complete and logical structure.
2. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: This phenomenon, known as cognitive dissonance, creates mental discomfort.
Q: Individuals are thus motivated to reduce this discomfort by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or actions.
R: People often experience a conflict when their actions do not align with their beliefs or values.
S: For example, a person who smokes despite knowing it is unhealthy might either quit smoking or downplay the health risks.
- C. QRSP
- B. RPQS
- D. PRSQ
- A. RQPS
Answer: R introduces the general concept of conflict between actions and beliefs. P gives this concept a specific name, 'cognitive dissonance'. Q explains the psychological motivation that arises from this dissonance. S provides a concrete example to illustrate the entire process described in R, P, and Q.
3. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: Consequently, the political landscape was irrevocably altered, paving the way for a new era of governance.
Q: The treaty, though signed under duress, marked the official end of the protracted conflict.
R: Its terms were harsh, imposing heavy reparations and territorial concessions on the losing nation.
S: However, the immediate effect was widespread public discontent and economic instability, which simmered for years.
- B. QRSP
- A. QSRP
- D. PQRS
- C. RSQP
Answer: Q introduces the main subject, 'the treaty'. R elaborates on the specifics of the treaty's 'terms'. S introduces a contrasting immediate effect using 'However'. P provides the long-term consequence, logically following the instability mentioned in S.
4. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: This intricate system of checks and balances ensures that no single branch becomes overly dominant.
Q: The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them.
R: Modern democratic governance is often characterized by the separation of powers among different branches.
S: Each branch has its distinct functions and a degree of influence or control over the other branches.
- D. SQPR
- C. RSPQ
- B. QSRP
- A. RQSP
Answer: R introduces the broad principle of 'separation of powers'. Q provides the specific examples of the branches and their primary roles. S elaborates on how these branches interact. P concludes by stating the purpose of 'this intricate system' described in Q and S.
5. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: For instance, the discovery of penicillin was a result of Alexander Fleming noticing mould contaminating a petri dish.
Q: Such moments of accidental discovery are more common in the annals of science than one might expect.
R: He observed that the mould created a bacteria-free zone around it, a curious anomaly.
S: Serendipity in scientific research often plays a pivotal role in groundbreaking discoveries.
- A. PRQS
- B. SQPR
- C. SPQR
- D. QSPR
Answer: S introduces the main theme of 'serendipity' in science. P provides a specific example ('For instance...') to illustrate this theme. Q comments on the frequency of 'Such moments of accidental discovery', directly referring to the example in P. R gives a more detailed account of Fleming's observation, but the logical flow is best when P introduces the example first, and Q generalizes from it.
6. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: This fragility, however, is precisely what makes them such sensitive indicators of environmental health.
Q: Coral reefs, often called the rainforests of the sea, are incredibly diverse ecosystems.
R: They are highly susceptible to changes in water temperature, acidity, and pollution.
S: A slight increase in ocean temperature can trigger coral bleaching, a process where corals expel their symbiotic algae and turn white.
- C. QSRP
- A. QPRS
- D. QRSP
- B. QRPS
Answer: Q provides a general introduction to coral reefs. R describes their general susceptibility to environmental changes. S gives a specific example of this susceptibility (coral bleaching due to temperature). P concludes by reframing this 'fragility' (mentioned in R and exemplified in S) as a useful characteristic.
7. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: Without this foundational trust, the entire edifice of the financial system would be at risk of collapse.
Q: The concept of fiat money, currency not backed by a physical commodity, relies on a delicate social contract.
R: It is the collective belief and faith of the public and the government in its value that gives it purchasing power.
S: Unlike commodity money, its value is not intrinsic but is derived purely from government decree and public acceptance.
- C. RSQP
- A. QSRP
- D. PRSQ
- B. QSPR
Answer: Q introduces the concept of 'fiat money'. S elaborates on this concept by contrasting it with commodity money. P refers to 'this foundational trust' which is established by the 'collective belief and faith' mentioned in R, but the flow from S to R is stronger. R explains the source of its value. P concludes by stating the consequence if 'this foundational trust' is lost.
8. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: The author argues that this focus on quantifiable metrics often overlooks the nuances of human experience and well-being.
Q: In his latest critique of modern society, the author takes aim at the pervasive culture of meritocracy.
R: He posits that while it purports to be fair, it inadvertently creates a new aristocracy of talent, leading to hubris among the successful and demoralization among the less so.
S: This system, he claims, judges individuals primarily based on their achievements and credentials.
- A. QRSP
- D. PSRQ
- B. QSRP
- C. RSQP
Answer: Q introduces the main topic: the author's critique of meritocracy. S defines what 'This system' (meritocracy) is according to the author. R explains the negative consequences the author 'posits' from this system. P adds another layer to the argument, building on the ideas in S and R.
9. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: It is within these nebulous regions that stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and dust.
Q: These nebulae are not just beautiful astronomical objects; they are cosmic nurseries.
R: The Hubble Space Telescope has captured breathtaking images of interstellar clouds of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases, known as nebulae.
S: The immense gravitational forces at the core of these collapsing clouds ignite nuclear fusion, giving birth to a protostar.
- A. RSQP
- C. PQRS
- D. RQSP
- B. RQPS
Answer: R introduces the subject, 'nebulae', with context from the Hubble telescope. Q then defines the function of 'These nebulae'. P elaborates on this function, stating that stars are born 'within these nebulous regions'. S describes the specific physical process of star birth mentioned in P.
10. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: Despite its abstract nature, its principles form the bedrock of computer science and cryptography.
Q: One such field is number theory, a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers.
R: Many areas of mathematics seem esoteric and disconnected from practical applications at first glance.
S: For centuries, it was considered the purest of disciplines with no real-world use, a pursuit for intellectual curiosity alone.
- D. QRPS
- B. RSQP
- C. PRSQ
- A. RQSP
Answer: R makes a general statement about esoteric fields in mathematics. Q provides a specific example ('One such field') of this, introducing number theory. S describes the historical perception of number theory ('it'). P provides a modern contrast ('Despite its abstract nature...') to the historical view in S, highlighting its current applications.
11. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to make a meaningful sentence.
P: of the formidable challenges that lay ahead
Q: were not entirely unaware
R: the early pioneers of the expedition, driven by a thirst for discovery,
S: though they underestimated their sheer magnitude
- B. QPSR
- D. PQRS
- C. RSPQ
- A. RQPS
Answer: The main subject of the sentence is 'the early pioneers of the expedition' (R). The verb phrase is 'were not entirely unaware' (Q). What were they aware of? 'of the formidable challenges that lay ahead' (P). The final clause 'though they underestimated their sheer magnitude' (S) provides a qualification, completing the thought logically.
12. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: This tradition of oral storytelling was crucial in pre-literate societies for preserving history, culture, and laws.
Q: Before the advent of writing, humanity's collective knowledge was passed down through generations by word of mouth.
R: Epics, myths, and folk tales were not merely entertainment; they were living archives of a community's identity.
S: Each retelling, while aiming for fidelity, would subtly adapt the story to the context of the audience, ensuring its continued relevance.
- D. QPSR
- B. QRPS
- A. QPRS
- C. PQRS
Answer: Q introduces the topic of knowledge transfer before writing. P explains the importance of 'This tradition of oral storytelling'. S describes the dynamic nature of this tradition ('Each retelling...'). R provides specific examples ('Epics, myths...') and reiterates their importance, serving as a powerful concluding statement.
13. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: The result is a paradox: in an age of unprecedented access to information, we may be less informed in a truly meaningful way.
Q: Algorithms designed to maximize engagement create 'filter bubbles' and 'echo chambers'.
R: This constant exposure reinforces pre-existing beliefs and shields us from dissenting viewpoints.
S: The architecture of modern social media platforms significantly shapes our consumption of news and information.
- B. QSRP
- D. QRPS
- C. SPRQ
- A. SQRP
Answer: S makes a general statement about social media's architecture. Q provides a specific example of this architecture ('Algorithms...'). R explains the effect of 'This constant exposure' created by the algorithms mentioned in Q. P presents the final 'paradox' that results from this entire process.
14. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: He argued that beneath the veneer of civilized society lies a 'will to power,' a primal drive for ambition and dominance.
Q: Nietzsche's philosophy presented a radical challenge to traditional Western morality and metaphysics.
R: This concept, he believed, was the fundamental engine of human action, often sublimated into creative or intellectual pursuits.
S: He famously critiqued Judeo-Christian values, suggesting they promoted a 'slave morality' that suppressed the potential of the strongest individuals.
- D. SPQR
- B. QRPS
- C. QPSR
- A. QSPR
Answer: Q introduces Nietzsche's philosophy in general terms. P presents one of his key arguments ('will to power'). S provides a specific example of his critique that relates to this will to power. R elaborates on 'This concept' (the will to power), explaining its role as the engine of human action, logically following both P and S.
15. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: This process, called phagocytosis, is a vital part of the body's innate immune response.
Q: Once engulfed, the pathogen is trapped within a compartment called a phagosome.
R: Certain types of white blood cells, such as macrophages, are capable of engulfing foreign invaders like bacteria.
S: The phagosome then fuses with another compartment, a lysosome, to destroy the invader with digestive enzymes.
- A. RQSP
- D. QRPS
- C. RPQS
- B. QSRP
Answer: R introduces the main actors, the white blood cells. Q describes the first step of the process ('Once engulfed...'). S details the next step in the sequence, where the phagosome fuses with a lysosome. P provides the scientific name for 'This process' and explains its overall significance.
16. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: Its failure to prevent the Second World War, however, ultimately led to its dissolution and the subsequent formation of the United Nations.
Q: The League of Nations was an ambitious intergovernmental organization founded after the First World War.
R: Its primary mission was to maintain world peace through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation.
S: Despite some initial successes in resolving minor conflicts, it lacked an armed force of its own and the power to enforce its resolutions.
- C. RSQP
- B. QRSP
- D. PRSQ
- A. QSRP
Answer: Q introduces the League of Nations. R states its primary mission. S describes its inherent weaknesses and limitations ('Despite some initial successes...'). P states the ultimate consequence of these weaknesses, its failure and dissolution.
17. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to make a meaningful sentence.
P: the intricate web of socio-economic factors
Q: in any attempt to address chronic poverty
R: that perpetuate the cycle of deprivation
S: it is imperative to first understand
- D. QSRP
- B. SQPR
- A. QSPR
- C. RSPQ
Answer: The sentence starts with the prepositional phrase 'in any attempt to address chronic poverty' (Q) setting the context. This is followed by the main clause 'it is imperative to first understand' (S). What needs to be understood? 'the intricate web of socio-economic factors' (P). The relative clause 'that perpetuate the cycle of deprivation' (R) modifies 'factors', completing the sentence logically.
18. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: Such a system requires immense computational power and sophisticated algorithms to analyze data in real-time.
Q: The concept of a 'smart city' envisions the integration of information and communication technology across urban functions.
R: The goal is to enhance the quality of life for citizens, improve the efficiency of services, and promote sustainability.
S: For example, traffic lights could adjust based on real-time traffic flow, and energy grids could distribute power more efficiently based on demand.
- A. QSRP
- B. QRSP
- C. QSPR
- D. QRPS
Answer: Q introduces the main concept of a 'smart city'. R explains the 'goal' of this concept. S provides specific examples ('For example...') of how this goal would be achieved. P describes the technological requirements for implementing 'Such a system' as described in S.
19. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: This is because the speed of light, while immense, is finite.
Q: Therefore, looking at distant galaxies is akin to looking back in time.
R: The light from an object a million light-years away has taken a million years to reach our telescopes.
S: An inescapable consequence of observational astronomy is that we never see the universe as it is, but as it was.
- A. SRPQ
- D. QRPS
- B. SPQR
- C. SPRQ
Answer: S states a fundamental principle of observational astronomy. P explains the reason for this principle ('This is because...'). R provides a concrete example to illustrate the point made in P. Q draws the logical conclusion ('Therefore...') from the preceding statements.
20. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: This includes not only the literal meaning of the words but also their connotations, cultural context, and stylistic nuances.
Q: The art of literary translation is a delicate balancing act.
R: Consequently, a good translator must be not only bilingual but also bicultural, a bridge between two worlds.
S: The translator must strive to remain faithful to the original author's intent while also creating a work that is fluent and resonant in the target language.
- C. SQRP
- B. QSPR
- A. QPSR
- D. QSRP
Answer: Q introduces the topic: literary translation. S elaborates on the central challenge of this 'balancing act'. P explains in detail what is meant by the 'original author's intent' mentioned in S. R provides the logical conclusion ('Consequently...') about the qualities of a good translator, based on the challenges described in S and P.
21. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: He must then formulate a hypothesis, a testable explanation for this observation.
Q: The scientific method begins with a researcher making a specific observation or identifying a problem.
R: The results of this experiment will either support or refute the hypothesis, leading to further inquiry.
S: The next step is to design and conduct a controlled experiment to systematically test this hypothesis.
- A. QPSR
- D. QRPS
- C. RSPQ
- B. QSPR
Answer: This paragraph describes a clear sequence. Q states the first step of the scientific method. P describes what the researcher must do next ('He must then...'). S outlines the subsequent step ('The next step is to design...'). R describes the final stage, analyzing the results of the experiment from S.
22. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to make a meaningful sentence.
P: by the subtle yet profound influence
Q: art and culture exert on our daily lives
R: many of us remain largely oblivious to
S: the complex ways in which
- C. RPSQ
- B. SQRP
- A. RPQS
- D. QSRP
Answer: The main clause starts with 'many of us remain largely oblivious to' (R). Oblivious to what? 'the subtle yet profound influence' (P). What influence? The sentence requires a clause defining it, which starts with 'the complex ways in which' (S) and is completed by 'art and culture exert on our daily lives' (Q). This order (RPSQ) is the most grammatically sound.
23. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: It argued that the colonies were not subordinate to the Crown but were united with it through a voluntary allegiance.
Q: This radical theory of the British Empire laid the intellectual groundwork for independence.
R: Thomas Jefferson's 1774 pamphlet, 'A Summary View of the Rights of British America,' was a pivotal document.
S: Thus, the British Parliament had no inherent right to legislate for the colonies, which had their own assemblies.
- C. RPQS
- A. QRPS
- B. RPSQ
- D. QSRP
Answer: R introduces the specific document and its author. P explains the central argument of the pamphlet. S draws a logical conclusion ('Thus...') from the argument presented in P. Q provides the broader historical significance of 'This radical theory' explained in P and S.
24. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: When this encrypted data is stolen, it is rendered useless to the thieves without the corresponding decryption key.
Q: Cryptography is the practice of securing communication from adversaries.
R: The fundamental principle involves converting plaintext data into an unreadable format, known as ciphertext, using an algorithm and a key.
S: This process of conversion is called encryption.
- B. QSRP
- C. RQSP
- A. QRSP
- D. QRPS
Answer: Q provides a general definition of cryptography. R explains the fundamental principle of how it works. S gives the specific name ('encryption') for 'This process of conversion' described in R. P explains the practical benefit of this process, showing what happens to stolen encrypted data.
25. Rearrange the following parts (P, Q, R, S) to form a coherent paragraph.
P: This phenomenon is not merely an aesthetic choice but a survival mechanism.
Q: Many animals in the natural world have evolved to blend in with their environments.
R: By matching their surroundings, they can evade predators or ambush unsuspecting prey more effectively.
S: This adaptive trait is known as camouflage.
- C. QPSR
- D. QRPS
- A. QSPR
- B. QSRP
Answer: Q makes a general observation about animals blending in. S gives the scientific term ('camouflage') for 'This adaptive trait'. P then elaborates, stating that 'This phenomenon' is a survival mechanism. R explains how this mechanism works ('By matching their surroundings...').
