11. The general said, 'Bravo! You have fought valiantly.'
- D. The general told them that they have fought valiantly.
- A. The general exclaimed with joy that they fought valiantly.
- C. The general said bravo that they had fought valiantly.
- B. The general applauded them, saying that they had fought valiantly.
व्याख्या: Words like 'Bravo' are replaced by reporting verbs like 'applauded'. The present perfect 'have fought' changes to the past perfect 'had fought'.
12. He said, 'My fiancée and I are to be married next month.'
- A. He said that his fiancée and he were to be married the following month.
- B. He said that his fiancée and him are to be married the next month.
- C. He said that his fiancée and he were to have been married the following month.
- D. He said that his fiancée and he would be married the following month.
व्याख्या: The verb 'are to be' (indicating a plan) changes to 'were to be'. The pronoun changes from 'I' to 'he', and 'next month' becomes 'the following month'.
13. The notice read, 'All employees must clock in by 9 a.m. This is a strict directive.'
- C. The notice reads that all employees have to clock in by 9 a.m. and that is a strict directive.
- D. The notice stated that all employees must clock in by 9 a.m. and that this was a strict directive.
- A. The notice stated that all employees must clock in by 9 a.m. and that that was a strict directive.
- B. The notice stated that all employees had to clock in by 9 a.m. and that that was a strict directive.
व्याख्या: 'Must' for a rule/obligation changes to 'had to'. 'This' changes to 'that', and 'is' changes to 'was'.
14. She said to me, 'What is it that makes you so much stronger and braver than other men?'
- B. She asked me what was it that made me so much stronger and braver than other men.
- C. She asked me what it is that makes me so much stronger and braver than other men.
- A. She asked me what it was that made me so much stronger and braver than other men.
- D. She wondered what it was that makes me so much stronger and braver than other men.
व्याख्या: In an indirect question, the word order is subject-verb ('it was', not 'was it'). The tense also shifts from present ('is', 'makes') to past ('was', 'made').
15. The prisoner said, 'Let me have a glass of water, please.'
- A. The prisoner told to have a glass of water.
- D. The prisoner requested to please have a glass of water.
- C. The prisoner said that he must have a glass of water.
- B. The prisoner requested that he might have a glass of water.
व्याख्या: 'Let me' in a polite request is best reported using 'requested that he might have' or 'requested to be given'.
16. He said, 'I needn't have bought a new car; my old one was fine.'
- B. He said that he needn't have bought a new car as his old one had been fine.
- C. He said that he shouldn't have bought a new car as his old one was fine.
- A. He said that he didn't need to buy a new car as his old one was fine.
- D. He said that he hadn't needed to buy a new car as his old one had been fine.
व्याख्या: The modal perfect 'needn't have' does not change. However, the simple past 'was' in the subordinate clause changes to the past perfect 'had been'.
17. My father said to me, 'Beware of false friends and flatterers.'
- C. My father advised me that I should beware of false friends and flatterers.
- A. My father told me to beware of false friends and flatterers.
- B. My father warned me against false friends and flatterers.
- D. My father said to me that I must beware of false friends and flatterers.
व्याख्या: An imperative sentence starting with 'Beware' is best reported using the verb 'warned' followed by 'against' or 'about'.
18. The speaker said, 'It's high time we addressed these pressing issues.'
- B. The speaker said that it had been high time they addressed those pressing issues.
- A. The speaker said that it was high time they address those pressing issues.
- D. The speaker said that it was high time they addressed those pressing issues.
- C. The speaker said that it was high time they had addressed those pressing issues.
व्याख्या: The phrase 'It is time' is followed by a simple past verb. In indirect speech, 'It is' becomes 'It was', but the simple past verb that follows ('addressed') remains unchanged.
19. She said, 'Phew! It's terribly hot in here.'
- C. She said phew it is terribly hot in here.
- D. She exclaimed that how terribly hot it was in there.
- B. She exclaimed with disgust that it was terribly hot in there.
- A. She exclaimed that it was terribly hot in there.
व्याख्या: Interjections like 'Phew!' should be replaced by an appropriate reporting phrase like 'exclaimed with disgust/relief'. 'Here' changes to 'there' and 'is' changes to 'was'.
20. He asked, 'Shall I bring you a cup of tea, or would you prefer cold coffee?'
- D. He asked me that shall I bring a cup of tea or would I prefer cold coffee.
- B. He asked whether he should bring me a cup of tea or whether I would prefer cold coffee.
- C. He offered to bring me a cup of tea or asked if I would prefer cold coffee.
- A. He asked if he should bring me a cup of tea, or would I prefer cold coffee.
व्याख्या: 'Shall I...?' used for an offer can be reported using the verb 'offered'. The second part of the question 'would you prefer...' remains as an indirect question.